An investigation of modifying effects of metallothionein single-nucleotide polymorphisms on the association between mercury exposure and biomarker levels.
Identifieur interne : 000296 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 000295; suivant : 000297An investigation of modifying effects of metallothionein single-nucleotide polymorphisms on the association between mercury exposure and biomarker levels.
Auteurs : Yi Wang [États-Unis] ; Jaclyn M. Goodrich ; Brenda Gillespie ; Robert Werner ; Niladri Basu ; Alfred FranzblauSource :
- Environmental health perspectives [ 1552-9924 ] ; 2012.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- Adulte (MeSH), Adulte d'âge moyen (MeSH), Amalgame dentaire (toxicité), Analyse multifactorielle (MeSH), Animaux (MeSH), Composés méthylés du mercure (analyse), Composés méthylés du mercure (toxicité), Dentistes (MeSH), Enquêtes et questionnaires (MeSH), Exposition environnementale (MeSH), Exposition professionnelle (MeSH), Femelle (MeSH), Humains (MeSH), Marqueurs biologiques (métabolisme), Mercure (toxicité), Mercure (urine), Michigan (épidémiologie), Modèles linéaires (MeSH), Mâle (MeSH), Métallothionéine (génétique), Métallothionéine (métabolisme), Personnel dentaire (MeSH), Poils (composition chimique), Poils (effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques), Poissons (MeSH), Polymorphisme de nucléotide simple (MeSH), Spécificité d'espèce (MeSH), Sujet âgé (MeSH).
- MESH :
- analyse : Composés méthylés du mercure.
- composition chimique : Poils.
- effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques : Poils.
- génétique : Métallothionéine.
- métabolisme : Marqueurs biologiques, Métallothionéine.
- toxicité : Amalgame dentaire, Composés méthylés du mercure, Mercure.
- épidémiologie : Mercure, Michigan.
- Adulte, Adulte d'âge moyen, Analyse multifactorielle, Animaux, Dentistes, Enquêtes et questionnaires, Exposition environnementale, Exposition professionnelle, Femelle, Humains, Modèles linéaires, Mâle, Personnel dentaire, Poissons, Polymorphisme de nucléotide simple, Spécificité d'espèce, Sujet âgé.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Adult (MeSH), Aged (MeSH), Animals (MeSH), Biomarkers (metabolism), Dental Amalgam (toxicity), Dental Staff (MeSH), Dentists (MeSH), Environmental Exposure (MeSH), Female (MeSH), Fishes (MeSH), Hair (chemistry), Hair (drug effects), Humans (MeSH), Linear Models (MeSH), Male (MeSH), Mercury (toxicity), Mercury (urine), Metallothionein (genetics), Metallothionein (metabolism), Methylmercury Compounds (analysis), Methylmercury Compounds (toxicity), Michigan (epidemiology), Middle Aged (MeSH), Multivariate Analysis (MeSH), Occupational Exposure (MeSH), Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide (MeSH), Species Specificity (MeSH), Surveys and Questionnaires (MeSH).
- MESH :
- chemical , analysis : Methylmercury Compounds.
- chemical , genetics : Metallothionein.
- chemical , metabolism : Biomarkers, Metallothionein.
- chemical , toxicity : Dental Amalgam, Mercury, Methylmercury Compounds.
- geographic , epidemiology : Michigan.
- chemistry : Hair.
- drug effects : Hair.
- chemical , urine : Mercury.
- Adult, Aged, Animals, Dental Staff, Dentists, Environmental Exposure, Female, Fishes, Humans, Linear Models, Male, Middle Aged, Multivariate Analysis, Occupational Exposure, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Species Specificity, Surveys and Questionnaires.
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Recent studies have suggested that several genes that mediate mercury metabolism are polymorphic in humans.
OBJECTIVE
We hypothesized that single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in metallothionein (MT) genes may underlie interindividual differences in mercury biomarker levels. We studied the potential modifying effects of MT SNPs on mercury exposure-biomarker relationships.
METHODS
We measured total mercury in urine and hair samples of 515 dental professionals. We also surveyed occupational and personal exposures to dental amalgam and dietary fish consumption, from which daily methylmercury (MeHg) intake was estimated. Log-transformed urine and hair levels were modeled in multivariable linear regression separately against respective exposure surrogates, and the effect modification of 13 MT SNPs on exposure was investigated.
RESULTS
The mean mercury levels in urine (1.06 μg/L) and hair (0.51 μg/g) were not significantly different from the U.S. general population (0.95 μg/L and 0.47 μg/g, respectively). The mean estimated daily MeHg intake was 0.084 μg/kg/day (range, 0-0.98 μg/kg/day), with 25% of study population intakes exceeding the current U.S. Environmental Protection Agency reference dose of 0.1 μg/kg/day. Multivariate regression analysis showed that subjects with the MT1M (rs2270837) [corrected] AA genotype (n = 10) or the MT2A (rs10636) CC genotype (n = 42) had lower urinary mercury levels than did those with the MT1M or MT2A GG genotype (n = 329 and 251, respectively) after controlling for exposure and potential confounders. After controlling for MeHg intake, subjects with MT1A (rs8052394) GA and GG genotypes (n = 24) or the MT1M (rs9936741) TT genotype (n = 459) had lower hair mercury levels than did subjects with MT1A AA (n = 113) or MT1M TC and CC genotypes (n = 15), respectively.
CONCLUSION
Our findings suggest that some MT genetic polymorphisms may influence mercury biomarker concentrations at levels of exposure relevant to the general population.
DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1104079
PubMed: 22233731
PubMed Central: PMC3339459
Affiliations:
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Goodrich</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gillespie, Brenda" sort="Gillespie, Brenda" uniqKey="Gillespie B" first="Brenda" last="Gillespie">Brenda Gillespie</name></author><author><name sortKey="Werner, Robert" sort="Werner, Robert" uniqKey="Werner R" first="Robert" last="Werner">Robert Werner</name></author><author><name sortKey="Basu, Niladri" sort="Basu, Niladri" uniqKey="Basu N" first="Niladri" last="Basu">Niladri Basu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Franzblau, Alfred" sort="Franzblau, Alfred" uniqKey="Franzblau A" first="Alfred" last="Franzblau">Alfred Franzblau</name></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2012">2012</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:22233731</idno><idno type="pmid">22233731</idno><idno type="doi">10.1289/ehp.1104079</idno><idno type="pmc">PMC3339459</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Corpus">000293</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000293</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Curation">000293</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Curation">000293</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Exploration">000293</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">An investigation of modifying effects of metallothionein single-nucleotide polymorphisms on the association between mercury exposure and biomarker levels.</title><author><name sortKey="Wang, Yi" sort="Wang, Yi" uniqKey="Wang Y" first="Yi" last="Wang">Yi Wang</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2029, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2029</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Michigan 48109-2029</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Goodrich, Jaclyn M" sort="Goodrich, Jaclyn M" uniqKey="Goodrich J" first="Jaclyn M" last="Goodrich">Jaclyn M. Goodrich</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gillespie, Brenda" sort="Gillespie, Brenda" uniqKey="Gillespie B" first="Brenda" last="Gillespie">Brenda Gillespie</name></author><author><name sortKey="Werner, Robert" sort="Werner, Robert" uniqKey="Werner R" first="Robert" last="Werner">Robert Werner</name></author><author><name sortKey="Basu, Niladri" sort="Basu, Niladri" uniqKey="Basu N" first="Niladri" last="Basu">Niladri Basu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Franzblau, Alfred" sort="Franzblau, Alfred" uniqKey="Franzblau A" first="Alfred" last="Franzblau">Alfred Franzblau</name></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Environmental health perspectives</title><idno type="eISSN">1552-9924</idno><imprint><date when="2012" type="published">2012</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Adult (MeSH)</term><term>Aged (MeSH)</term><term>Animals (MeSH)</term><term>Biomarkers 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(MeSH)</term><term>Amalgame dentaire (toxicité)</term><term>Analyse multifactorielle (MeSH)</term><term>Animaux (MeSH)</term><term>Composés méthylés du mercure (analyse)</term><term>Composés méthylés du mercure (toxicité)</term><term>Dentistes (MeSH)</term><term>Enquêtes et questionnaires (MeSH)</term><term>Exposition environnementale (MeSH)</term><term>Exposition professionnelle (MeSH)</term><term>Femelle (MeSH)</term><term>Humains (MeSH)</term><term>Marqueurs biologiques (métabolisme)</term><term>Mercure (toxicité)</term><term>Mercure (urine)</term><term>Michigan (épidémiologie)</term><term>Modèles linéaires (MeSH)</term><term>Mâle (MeSH)</term><term>Métallothionéine (génétique)</term><term>Métallothionéine (métabolisme)</term><term>Personnel dentaire (MeSH)</term><term>Poils (composition chimique)</term><term>Poils (effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques)</term><term>Poissons (MeSH)</term><term>Polymorphisme de nucléotide simple (MeSH)</term><term>Spécificité d'espèce (MeSH)</term><term>Sujet âgé (MeSH)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="analysis" xml:lang="en"><term>Methylmercury Compounds</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>Metallothionein</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="metabolism" xml:lang="en"><term>Biomarkers</term><term>Metallothionein</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="toxicity" xml:lang="en"><term>Dental Amalgam</term><term>Mercury</term><term>Methylmercury Compounds</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="geographic" qualifier="epidemiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Michigan</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="analyse" xml:lang="fr"><term>Composés méthylés du mercure</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="chemistry" xml:lang="en"><term>Hair</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="composition chimique" xml:lang="fr"><term>Poils</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="drug effects" xml:lang="en"><term>Hair</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques" xml:lang="fr"><term>Poils</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="génétique" xml:lang="fr"><term>Métallothionéine</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="métabolisme" xml:lang="fr"><term>Marqueurs biologiques</term><term>Métallothionéine</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="toxicité" xml:lang="fr"><term>Amalgame dentaire</term><term>Composés méthylés du mercure</term><term>Mercure</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="urine" xml:lang="en"><term>Mercury</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="épidémiologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Mercure</term><term>Michigan</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Adult</term><term>Aged</term><term>Animals</term><term>Dental Staff</term><term>Dentists</term><term>Environmental Exposure</term><term>Female</term><term>Fishes</term><term>Humans</term><term>Linear Models</term><term>Male</term><term>Middle Aged</term><term>Multivariate Analysis</term><term>Occupational Exposure</term><term>Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide</term><term>Species Specificity</term><term>Surveys and Questionnaires</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Adulte</term><term>Adulte d'âge moyen</term><term>Analyse multifactorielle</term><term>Animaux</term><term>Dentistes</term><term>Enquêtes et questionnaires</term><term>Exposition environnementale</term><term>Exposition professionnelle</term><term>Femelle</term><term>Humains</term><term>Modèles linéaires</term><term>Mâle</term><term>Personnel dentaire</term><term>Poissons</term><term>Polymorphisme de nucléotide simple</term><term>Spécificité d'espèce</term><term>Sujet âgé</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>BACKGROUND</b></p><p>Recent studies have suggested that several genes that mediate mercury metabolism are polymorphic in humans.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>OBJECTIVE</b></p><p>We hypothesized that single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in metallothionein (MT) genes may underlie interindividual differences in mercury biomarker levels. We studied the potential modifying effects of MT SNPs on mercury exposure-biomarker relationships.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>METHODS</b></p><p>We measured total mercury in urine and hair samples of 515 dental professionals. We also surveyed occupational and personal exposures to dental amalgam and dietary fish consumption, from which daily methylmercury (MeHg) intake was estimated. Log-transformed urine and hair levels were modeled in multivariable linear regression separately against respective exposure surrogates, and the effect modification of 13 MT SNPs on exposure was investigated.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>RESULTS</b></p><p>The mean mercury levels in urine (1.06 μg/L) and hair (0.51 μg/g) were not significantly different from the U.S. general population (0.95 μg/L and 0.47 μg/g, respectively). The mean estimated daily MeHg intake was 0.084 μg/kg/day (range, 0-0.98 μg/kg/day), with 25% of study population intakes exceeding the current U.S. Environmental Protection Agency reference dose of 0.1 μg/kg/day. Multivariate regression analysis showed that subjects with the MT1M (rs2270837) [corrected] AA genotype (n = 10) or the MT2A (rs10636) CC genotype (n = 42) had lower urinary mercury levels than did those with the MT1M or MT2A GG genotype (n = 329 and 251, respectively) after controlling for exposure and potential confounders. After controlling for MeHg intake, subjects with MT1A (rs8052394) GA and GG genotypes (n = 24) or the MT1M (rs9936741) TT genotype (n = 459) had lower hair mercury levels than did subjects with MT1A AA (n = 113) or MT1M TC and CC genotypes (n = 15), respectively.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>CONCLUSION</b></p><p>Our findings suggest that some MT genetic polymorphisms may influence mercury biomarker concentrations at levels of exposure relevant to the general population.</p></div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">22233731</PMID><DateCompleted><Year>2012</Year><Month>07</Month><Day>31</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2018</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>13</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1552-9924</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>120</Volume><Issue>4</Issue><PubDate><Year>2012</Year><Month>Apr</Month></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Environmental health perspectives</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Environ Health Perspect</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>An investigation of modifying effects of metallothionein single-nucleotide polymorphisms on the association between mercury exposure and biomarker levels.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>530-4</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1289/ehp.1104079</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText Label="BACKGROUND" NlmCategory="BACKGROUND">Recent studies have suggested that several genes that mediate mercury metabolism are polymorphic in humans.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="OBJECTIVE" NlmCategory="OBJECTIVE">We hypothesized that single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in metallothionein (MT) genes may underlie interindividual differences in mercury biomarker levels. We studied the potential modifying effects of MT SNPs on mercury exposure-biomarker relationships.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="METHODS" NlmCategory="METHODS">We measured total mercury in urine and hair samples of 515 dental professionals. We also surveyed occupational and personal exposures to dental amalgam and dietary fish consumption, from which daily methylmercury (MeHg) intake was estimated. Log-transformed urine and hair levels were modeled in multivariable linear regression separately against respective exposure surrogates, and the effect modification of 13 MT SNPs on exposure was investigated.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="RESULTS" NlmCategory="RESULTS">The mean mercury levels in urine (1.06 μg/L) and hair (0.51 μg/g) were not significantly different from the U.S. general population (0.95 μg/L and 0.47 μg/g, respectively). The mean estimated daily MeHg intake was 0.084 μg/kg/day (range, 0-0.98 μg/kg/day), with 25% of study population intakes exceeding the current U.S. Environmental Protection Agency reference dose of 0.1 μg/kg/day. Multivariate regression analysis showed that subjects with the MT1M (rs2270837) [corrected] AA genotype (n = 10) or the MT2A (rs10636) CC genotype (n = 42) had lower urinary mercury levels than did those with the MT1M or MT2A GG genotype (n = 329 and 251, respectively) after controlling for exposure and potential confounders. After controlling for MeHg intake, subjects with MT1A (rs8052394) GA and GG genotypes (n = 24) or the MT1M (rs9936741) TT genotype (n = 459) had lower hair mercury levels than did subjects with MT1A AA (n = 113) or MT1M TC and CC genotypes (n = 15), respectively.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="CONCLUSION" NlmCategory="CONCLUSIONS">Our findings suggest that some MT genetic polymorphisms may influence mercury biomarker concentrations at levels of exposure relevant to the general population.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Wang</LastName><ForeName>Yi</ForeName><Initials>Y</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2029, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Goodrich</LastName><ForeName>Jaclyn M</ForeName><Initials>JM</Initials></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Gillespie</LastName><ForeName>Brenda</ForeName><Initials>B</Initials></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Werner</LastName><ForeName>Robert</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Basu</LastName><ForeName>Niladri</ForeName><Initials>N</Initials></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Franzblau</LastName><ForeName>Alfred</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><GrantList CompleteYN="Y"><Grant><GrantID>T42 OH008455</GrantID><Acronym>OH</Acronym><Agency>NIOSH CDC HHS</Agency><Country>United States</Country></Grant><Grant><GrantID>T42 OH 008455-04</GrantID><Acronym>OH</Acronym><Agency>NIOSH CDC HHS</Agency><Country>United States</Country></Grant><Grant><GrantID>UL1RR024986</GrantID><Acronym>RR</Acronym><Agency>NCRR NIH HHS</Agency><Country>United States</Country></Grant><Grant><GrantID>T32 ES007062</GrantID><Acronym>ES</Acronym><Agency>NIEHS NIH HHS</Agency><Country>United States</Country></Grant><Grant><GrantID>UL1 RR024986</GrantID><Acronym>RR</Acronym><Agency>NCRR NIH HHS</Agency><Country>United States</Country></Grant><Grant><GrantID>T32 007062</GrantID><Agency>PHS HHS</Agency><Country>United States</Country></Grant></GrantList><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D052061">Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2012</Year><Month>01</Month><Day>09</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>United States</Country><MedlineTA>Environ Health Perspect</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>0330411</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>0091-6765</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D015415">Biomarkers</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D008767">Methylmercury Compounds</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>8049-85-2</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D003723">Dental Amalgam</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>9038-94-2</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D008668">Metallothionein</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>FXS1BY2PGL</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D008628">Mercury</NameOfSubstance></Chemical></ChemicalList><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><CommentsCorrectionsList><CommentsCorrections RefType="ErratumIn"><RefSource>Environ Health Perspect. 2013 Jan;121(1):A13</RefSource></CommentsCorrections></CommentsCorrectionsList><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000328" MajorTopicYN="N">Adult</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000368" MajorTopicYN="N">Aged</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000818" MajorTopicYN="N">Animals</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D015415" 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MajorTopicYN="N">drug effects</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006801" MajorTopicYN="N">Humans</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D016014" MajorTopicYN="N">Linear Models</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008297" MajorTopicYN="N">Male</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008628" MajorTopicYN="N">Mercury</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000633" MajorTopicYN="Y">toxicity</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000652" MajorTopicYN="N">urine</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008668" MajorTopicYN="N">Metallothionein</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000235" MajorTopicYN="N">genetics</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="Y">metabolism</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008767" MajorTopicYN="N">Methylmercury Compounds</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000032" 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Questionnaires</DescriptorName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2011</Year><Month>06</Month><Day>16</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2012</Year><Month>01</Month><Day>09</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2012</Year><Month>1</Month><Day>12</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2012</Year><Month>1</Month><Day>12</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2012</Year><Month>8</Month><Day>1</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>ppublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">22233731</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1289/ehp.1104079</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC3339459</ArticleId></ArticleIdList><ReferenceList><Reference><Citation>Environ Health Perspect. 2003 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